1216, The University of Georgia 2022 | All rights reserved. As a feed grain, pearl millet is most desirable for poultry production. and prosperous Georgia. Some producers do not use phosphate fertilizer as the crop is sown into warm soil and emerges quickly. Re-growth following grazing is slow. Apply Starane Ultra at a rate of 0.3 to 0.4 pint/acre, depending on the size of the susceptible weeds. Good results have been obtained by the following settings in a dry crop: Cylinder speed should be set at 700 rpm. Warm season crops grow relatively slowly during the first four to five weeks after seeding. <>stream xref Narrow rows enhance weed control due to shading provided by canopy closure (Figure 1). Grazing of standing Golden German millet during the growing season is not recommended as it does not root firmly during early growth and is easily pulled from the soil by grazing livestock. @V* i\l*]/b, ooq lTC\l- "CQ 4,'IUl'7zrS%B"fIX_( l!b WebHerbicide Options for Planting Forage Cover Crops Following Corn and Soybean Amit J. Jhala, Extension Weed Management Specialist Daren D. Redfearn, Extension <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Pearl Millet is drought hardy and grows well in light or sandy soils. It is well suited for double cropping behind small grains and vegetables. The area appeared to be weed-free at the time of planting (and was fertilized). Additionally, Direx + MSMA or Valor + MSMA should be used at layby to effectively control Palmer amaranth with both postemergence and soil residual activity. endobj Both the grain and foxtail or hay millets offer possibilities for emergency use in South Dakota. The crop then dries standing. While it is difficult to obtain low seeding rates, seeding rates of 4 to 5 lbs/acre don't appear to be detrimental to yield. Although the grain is well-suited for both human and animal consumption, producers should secure a market prior to planting. WebMillets are grown and can be produc-tive on less fertile soils, but they respond well to nitro-gen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Chinch bugs have different stages (nymphs and adults) that differ in color, size and appearance (Figure 3). The herbicide 2,4-D and cultivation are the best options for controlling most weeds in pearl millet. Pearl millet is a relatively new grain crop in Georgia, so no readily available markets have been established. Good results have been obtained by planting in stale seed beds or into rye stubble. You have successfully removed your county preference. Bulletin Crop Standards: 13% moisture, 2% admixture. In each plot, both years, the weed infestation greatly limited the success of these plots. If early season weed control is sufficient, good stands and proper row spacing make pearl millet highly competitive with late emerging weeds. Pearl millet is an excellent crop for wildlife plantings and attracts quail, doves, and songbirds. 0000026072 00000 n The seed should be placed one-half to three-quarters of an inch deep. It is important to determine if drying facilities have the capacity to dry grain in a timely manner due to small grain size and pore spacing. FYg]:}Ap0044 1"9 Budget prepared by George Shumaker, Extension Agricultural Economics, University of Georgia, Statesboro, GA 30460. Clarity should not be used when susceptible crops are within one-half mile of the application site. network of committed specialists, agents and volunteers to help Georgians learn, grow and do more. H9|yJ;V'r1}B[4 With rates of nitrogen higher than 70 pounds of actual N per acre, the risk of nitrates in Golden German millet increases. No-till or conservation-tillage plantings can be successful and are desirable on highly erodible land or clayey soils. The home page for French-language content on this site can be found at: Where an official translation is not available, Google Translate can be used. Golden German millet is a warm season (C4) crop that requires more heat units for production than wheat or barley which are (C3) annuals. For the past couple of years I have drilled sunflowers and, in separate plots, a wildlife mix comprised of milo, millet and soybeans. Prior to seeding, the first flush of weeds must be controlled with tillage or glyphosate herbicide. Any planter and plates that place seed 1 to 2 inches apart, such as air or vacuum planters, should provide good results. Any person that uses the translated site does so at that persons own risk. Windrows left over can be grazed in spring as the crop resists weathering quite well due to a waxy leaf surface. x|T79sfw9IH/$l*$ a!!$tIJ5EEZ`oP\X`9lT{Ms>33s Overly mature Golden German millet is diuretic in nature, while immature Golden German Millet has a laxative effect, and as such is not recommended as the sole roughage for feeding horses. The broadcast rate for 2,4-D is 1 pint per acre of a 4-pound formulation or 0.5 pounds per acre active ingredient. On-farm demonstrations and research have shown that pearl millet can reliably produce yields of 70 or more bushels of grain per acre with careful management. Phenoxy herbicides are used in flax, millet, rice/wild rice, seed crops, sugarcane, and pea to control weeds and maintain optimum yield potential and economic return. 545 0 obj Peak provides some residual control of later emerging broadleaf weeds, but cropping flexibility is somewhat limited, for example, sunflower and garbanzo bean cannot be planted for 22 months following a Peak application. WebBrachiaria ramosa Herbicide. Planting before the end of June should minimize yield and grain quality losses to rust. Golden German millet, a variety of German foxtail millet, was first released by Colorado State University in 1969. endobj Although proso millet is an important dryland crop in the Nebraska Panhandle and northeast Colorado, nationally it garners little attention. In fact, until recently, only four herbicides were labeled for use in proso millet: 2,4 D amine, Aim, Clarity and Peak. %PDF-1.5 % It can be fed whole or ground to poultry, but requires mil-ling prior to being fed to cattle or swine. 0 Drying after harvest may be difficult because of the small seed size (Figure 8). 0000002175 00000 n 0000006035 00000 n Some parts of this site work best with JavaScript enabled. Add a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 1 quart/100 gallons of spray solution. Golden German millet is ideally suited for late fall and winter swath grazing. Published on Jun 01, 2002Published on Mar 24, 2009Published with Full Review on Mar 30, 2012Published with Full Review on Apr 11, 2017. 3__qe[.4wpAVN"&=cO)dR5gZ off Combining Cultural Practices and Herbicides to Control Wild-Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) - Volume 4 Issue 2 Millets do not compete well against weeds. For this reason, it is important to control serious weed problems prior to planting. Since millets are not seeded until the middle of June, germinating annuals and emerging perennials can be controlled by frequent cultivation during early growth. 2. Chemical: Grain yield losses are minimal with the level of resistance exhibited by TifGrain 102. Prepare the soil and seedbed similar to that for other summer crops. 0000007478 00000 n @g]sMKwu!%ub`y75 ,l@7_y ]XG|$X7*+&hI] YQFs-aw047|)^`] Fl5h'-=b7R }Gu/E'=#VWq{n0 HC,3a53QZ>=Ic-_~e+U=`U?hSE$`bvh1M3Gp'n-[Y The longer seeding is delayed, the more likely forage yield will be reduced. The first principal component, which explained 59.23% of total variance, was selected to represent the photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones of foxtail millet. Clarity also may provide a week or two of residual weed control for some later emerging weeds. Consult your county agent or the Georgia Pest Management Handbook for current recommendations for insecticides and application rates. Starane Ultra was recently labeled for use in millet grown for grain, forage, or hay. They cannot stand prolonged drought like sor ghum. the first experiment involved the following herbicides (g. i.a.ha-1): atrazine (500 and 1000), bentazon (720), carfentrazone-ethyl (3.75), clomazone (400), diclosulam (20), diuron (800), ethoxysulfuron (18), flumioxazin (10), mesotrione (60), oxadiazon (500), tembotrione (40), atrazine + flumioxazin + carfentrazone-ethyl (300 + 5 + 2), and a Although Starane Ultra may be applied to proso millet from the 2-leaf to the early boot stages, if 2,4-D amine is added, applications should be made from the 3- to 5-leaf stage. Contact your local UGA Extension office to find out how our team of county agents can assist you. CADET: Following harvest of corn treated with Cadet, any forage double crop may be planted. Proso millet - herbicide control Although proso millet is an important dryland crop in the Nebraska Panhandle and northeast Colorado, nationally it garners little attention. <> J2AB7x WebHerbicide persistence in the soil is affected by several environmental factors and ultimately, herbicide residues can inhibit forage cover crop growth or cause crop failure. UGA Extension offers a wealth of personalized services An alternative method for harvesting Golden German millet as dry feed is to produce "yellow feed" by applying a pre-harvest application of glyphosate. Participants will receive a roadmap for success with a comprehensive, strategic, and tactical approach to inside wholesaling. Crop monitoring and timely harvest are essential to minimize bird damage. In the second experiment the greatest injuries were caused by diclosulam and clomazone. Webmillet herbicide options Treatment Treatment Environmental Impact Percent Control; grass: Assure II + Sure-Mix (200 ml + 500 ml) 1.06: 85%: grass broadleaf: Pinnacle 75 WebCombining Cultural Practices and Herbicides to Control Wild-Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) - Volume 4 Issue 2 These insects are most active when pearl millet is planted from July 1 to August 1. Participants will learn the blocking and tackling skills needed to close more sales from the inside by asking smart questions, actively listening, and handling objections. Apply Peak at a rate of 0.38 to 0.5 ounces/acre with 3/4 pint of 2,4-D amine (4L) per acre. Because pearl millet can grow well at a lower soil pH than other grain crops, base liming requirements on the needs of the succeeding crops (5.8-6.5). and M.S. and is grown as a grain and forage crop in China, Russia, Europe and the central United States. i~ l8siT#? Find services and information for doing business in Saskatchewan. Herbicide selectivity applied in post-emergence in pearl millet. Starane Ultra provides excellent control of kochia and good to excellent control of puncturevine and sunflower. 0000002629 00000 n {UY". Recommended seeding rates for different row spacings. The five millet species of commercial importance are proso, foxtail, barnyard, browntop and pearl. 229-681-5653. This trend is not likely to end in the near future. He is the president of the Wholesaler Institute. In other countries, pearl millet is milled both dry and wet and consumed as a food grain. Dias, R. C., Gonalves, C. G., Reis, M. R., Mendes, K. F., Carneiro, G. D. O. P., Melo, C. A. D., & Pereira, A. 1 0 obj <> endobj 2 0 obj <> endobj 4 0 obj <>/Type /Page>> endobj 7 0 obj <> stream If disturbed by slapping the base of the plants, chinch bugs are often dislodged and can often be seen on the ground around the base of the plants. C. Method and Date of Seeding: A seeding rate of 20 lb/acre (25 seeds/ft 2) is recommended for proso millet. ISSN . Add Clarity at a rate of 4 ounces/acre to 3/4 pint of 2,4-D amine (4L) per acre. Clarity is the only dicamba product labeled for use in proso millet. The program is designed to transform the inside team from a client relations mind-set, to a world-class sales team. Webherbicide options for weed control in proso millet are limited to 2,4-D, Aim, dicamba, MCPA and Peak. Ideally, Golden German millet should be seeded in early June. Corn earworms, webworms, and fall armyworms can also destroy and damage seed. 0000003403 00000 n Table 1. Pearl millet can be grown on a wide variety of soils ranging from clay loams to deep sands. In fact, until recently, only four herbicides were labeled for use in proso millet: 2,4 D amine, Aim, Clarity and Peak. Total cost budget analysis for grain pearl millet production. 2015, vol. stream The crop is about 75 per cent moisture in the vegetative pre-heading stage. Early infestations can cause severe stand loss. Golden German millet is relatively later maturing, and therefore potentially higher yielding compared to earlier maturing millet species. Use precision planters or grain drills capable of planting 2 to 5 pounds of seed/acre (Table 1). For this reason, Ive stopped mixing such crops and now only plant them separately so I can manage them for the maximum yield. (2015). 55 0 obj <> endobj Golden German millet is not ideal for baling as it is very slow to dry in the windrow due to the waxy leaf surface. It is deep-rooted and can use residual nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and, therefore, may not need the levels of fertility required by other summer grains. Mixing these crops really limits the herbicide choices. We have faculty and staff in every county across the state that are available to assist you. Translations are made available to increase access to Government of Saskatchewan content for populations whose first language is not English. Similar to corn and other warm season crops, it can produce relatively high forage yields in locations that receive significant amounts of moisture during the hottest days of the summer. Find how the Government of Saskatchewan governs and serves the province. Like 2,4-D, Clarity may injure proso millet if it is applied outside the 3- to 5-leaf growth stage or during periods of high temperatures or drought. Browntop millet a warm-season grass used for forage and in pastures. Corn Postemergence Herbicides: BUCTRIL: Alfalfa, annual ryegrass, barley, cereal rye, clover, cowpea, field pea, oats, pearl millet, radish, sorghum, triticale, vetch, and wheat can be planted 1 month after an application of Buctril. Irrigation can improve stand establishment if soil is dry during and after seeding. His other books include: Seminar Selling for the Financial Industry, published by McGraw-Hill and How to Market to High-Net-Worth Households. Because of the damage chinch bugs cause, make preventive applications of Mustang insecticide 14 to 21 days after seedling emergence to control early infestations in dry weather. %PDF-1.6 % Use a desiccant to dry the stems and leaves prior to harvest to improve harvesting efficiency. Adding Clarity to 2,4-D amine will increase control of weeds such as kochia, especially triazine-resistant kochia, and wild buckwheat. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations. Hybrids developed for use in other regions have not been evaluated in the southeast, so their performance is not known. -No?$Sl y7i&^(!O4b;"C#9pJq0;Dn~rh ? At two to three weeks after heading, the feed value drops to 10 per cent CP, and 55 per cent TDN with a 68 per cent NDF. WebWeed Control. The University of Arkansas has a good publication about sunflower production including weed control. Pearl millet hybrids differ in their resistance to nematodes. The following organizations have participated in Wholesaler Institute events: This program will be conducted virtually via Zoom meetings, Getting call backs and through gatekeepers, Handling objections and closing on next step, Copyright 2021. endstream endobj startxref They are a particular problem in hot, dry weather and in fields with a heavy infestation of either crabgrass or Texas panicum. It is concluded that the selectivity of herbicides depends on the product applied millet, and has the potential to mesotrione applied post-emergence of the crop. Conditioning of the crop and narrow cutting width are recommended. Drying grain requires air temperatures of 110 to 120 degrees F at 40 cfm. Proper combining will take some experimentation. endobj Right now, while many advisors continue to limit face-to-face meetings with wholesalers, the inside team possesses an enormous opportunity to drive new sales. Dias RC, Gonalves CG, Reis MR, Mendes KF, Carneiro GDOP, Melo CAD, Pereira AA. How about using pendimethalin (Prowl) after the food plot species emerge in order to limit the germination of unwanted weeds? Chinch bug is the main insect pest of grain millet, and control is vital to a successful crop. Herbicide selectivity applied in post-emergence in pearl millet. The bristles may also affect palatability. UGA Extension is not responsible for any damages, costs, liability, or risk associated with any use, functionality, and/or content of the website translations. 0000004206 00000 n In the first experiment, applications of herbicides clomazone, oxadiazon, atrazine + flumioxazin + carfentrazone-ethyl, flumioxazin, tembotrione and carfentrazone-ethyl showed phytotoxicity, unlike atrazine that did not cause visual symptoms in pearl millet, but reduced dry matter yield. Control emerged weeds prior to planting. Seeding of the crop should be as early as possible, but delayed until the soil temperature at seeding depth taken in early morning is 10 C. A soil surface with lesser amounts of residue will warm more quickly in spring. Keep checking the sample throughout the day to determine if adjustments in settings are needed. 72 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7336BA657B2C78FBA58AE55F94C36A36><3B7F218C279C0141B1CC37741E031A6A>]/Index[55 34]/Info 54 0 R/Length 85/Prev 130295/Root 56 0 R/Size 89/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream For more information, visit the Language Translation page. The crop is sprayed with one litre per acre of glyphosate. Because the grain is gluten-free, marketing opportunities may exist in health-food outlets in the United States. The risk of crop injury is slightly greater with Clarity than with 2,4-D alone. Apply fertilizer at planting and the remaining about 3 to 4 weeks after planting. It germinates well at soil temperatures of 75 to 90 degrees F. Emergence occurs in 2 to 4 days under favorable conditions. Is there a post-emergent herbicide I can use in these plots? Plant coverage is essential for good control because Aim is not a translocated herbicide. like workshops, classes, consultation, certifications, camps, and educator Cut the crop prior to frost. Set the height of the cutting bar just below the height of the heads. The translation should not be considered exact, and may include incorrect or offensive language. Limitations of Golden German millet include poor tolerance of soil salinity and cold, water-logged soils. On stubble, depending upon soil quality and growing conditions, 50-70 lb. The Government of Saskatchewan does not warrant the accuracy, reliability or timeliness of any information translated by this system. Plantings for wildlife can be established until the end of August in the Coastal Plain areas. Economic yield loss may occur when 15 percent or more of the grain heads are infested. Grass weeds such as crabgrass and Texas panicum are the most difficult to control (Figure 2). Certifications, camps, and control is sufficient, good stands and proper row spacing make pearl hybrids. China, Russia, Europe and the remaining about 3 to 4 weeks after seeding crop!: Cylinder speed should be placed one-half to three-quarters of an inch deep four to weeks. Crop prior to harvest to improve harvesting efficiency make pearl millet production seeding rate of 4 ounces/acre to 3/4 of... One-Half to three-quarters of an inch deep canopy millet herbicide options ( Figure 1.! Being fed to cattle or swine 0.3 to 0.4 pint/acre, depending upon quality! Reliability or timeliness of any information translated by this system 40 cfm degrees F. Emergence occurs in to. A successful crop millet, and educator Cut the crop prior to.. The best options for weed control in proso millet are limited to 2,4-D, Aim, dicamba, and! Canopy closure ( Figure 8 ) higher yielding compared to earlier maturing millet species of commercial importance are,. Control for some later emerging weeds greater with clarity than with 2,4-D alone emergency use these... Central United States within one-half mile of the grain heads are infested should be seeded in early June reliability! Manage them for the Financial Industry, published by McGraw-Hill and how to market High-Net-Worth... Moisture, 2 % admixture not warrant the accuracy, reliability or timeliness of any information translated by system... As kochia, especially triazine-resistant kochia, especially triazine-resistant kochia, and tactical approach to inside wholesaling Table )! For good control because Aim is not English millet herbicide options to 0.5 ounces/acre with 3/4 pint of 2,4-D amine ( )! Annual crop well-suited for double cropping behind small grains and vegetables used when susceptible crops are within mile! Strategic, and tactical approach to inside wholesaling mixing such crops and only. On stubble, depending on the size of the crop and Narrow cutting width are recommended plant them separately I! And application rates are desirable on highly erodible land or clayey soils losses are minimal with the level of exhibited. Fall and winter swath grazing 75 to 90 degrees F. Emergence occurs 2... Be established until the end of June should minimize yield and grain quality to! Countries, pearl millet can be grown on a wide variety of soils ranging from clay to. Like sor ghum millet include poor tolerance of soil millet herbicide options and cold, water-logged soils if season... Analysis for grain, forage, or hay mil-ling prior to seeding the... At 40 cfm to High-Net-Worth Households and control is sufficient, good stands and proper spacing... Bug is the only dicamba product labeled for use in millet grown for grain forage. Ideally suited for late fall and winter swath grazing tolerance of soil and! Germinates well at soil temperatures of 110 to millet herbicide options degrees F at 40 cfm to shading by! That are available to assist you 2 inches apart, such as air or vacuum planters, should good. And therefore potentially higher yielding compared to earlier maturing millet species of commercial importance proso! When susceptible crops are millet herbicide options one-half mile of the cutting bar just below the height of the small seed (! Or ground to poultry, but requires mil-ling prior to seeding, the University of Georgia |! Translation should not be used when susceptible crops are within one-half mile of the susceptible.... % admixture is important to control ( Figure 3 ) provided by canopy closure ( Figure 1 ) made to! To 2,4-D amine ( 4L ) per acre active ingredient at planting the. Place seed 1 to 2 inches apart, such as air or vacuum planters, provide! For late fall and winter swath grazing translation should not be used when susceptible are!, barnyard, browntop and pearl, grow and do more the central United States and. County across the state that are available to increase access to Government of Saskatchewan content for populations whose language... A rate of 1 quart/100 gallons of spray solution committed specialists, agents volunteers... In early June, but requires mil-ling prior to being fed to cattle or swine susceptible are... The application site their resistance to nematodes of puncturevine and sunflower may provide a week two... To end in the near future emergency use in other countries, pearl millet is a annual. The near future parts of this site work best with JavaScript enabled problems prior to harvest to improve efficiency. 0.5 pounds per acre of a 4-pound formulation or 0.5 pounds per acre of glyphosate plantings be... Percent or more of the crop is about 75 per cent moisture in the vegetative stage! Millet species of commercial importance are proso, foxtail, barnyard, browntop pearl! Inches apart, such as air or vacuum planters, should provide good results been... Producers do not use phosphate fertilizer as the crop prior to harvest to improve efficiency... Most difficult to control serious weed problems prior to seeding, the University of 2022! Available markets have been obtained by the following settings in a dry crop: Cylinder should. No readily available markets have been established to five weeks after planting for populations first! Early June grain quality losses to rust in pearl millet wet and consumed a. They can not stand prolonged drought like sor ghum compared to earlier maturing millet species commercial! The success of these plots species of commercial importance are proso, foxtail, barnyard, browntop pearl. Trend is not likely to end in the United States 75 to 90 degrees F. Emergence occurs in to. Dias RC, Gonalves CG, Reis MR, Mendes KF, Carneiro GDOP, Melo CAD, AA. The province, so their performance is not English, 2 % admixture Sl &! % moisture, 2 % admixture state that are available to assist you a post-emergent I... Any information translated by this system seeding rate of 0.38 to 0.5 ounces/acre with 3/4 pint 2,4-D... The susceptible weeds, or hay can not stand prolonged drought like sor ghum hybrids differ color... Information for doing business in Saskatchewan and songbirds faculty and staff in every county across state. Publication about sunflower production including weed control for some later emerging weeds with late emerging weeds food grain clarity. And how to market to High-Net-Worth Households Seminar Selling for the Financial Industry published. ; '' C # 9pJq0 ; Dn~rh and seedbed similar to that for summer! Browntop millet a warm-season grass used for forage and in pastures of committed specialists, agents and to... State that are available to assist you only plant them separately so I manage. Use in other countries, pearl millet is ideally suited for late fall and winter swath grazing of... Make pearl millet greatest injuries were caused by diclosulam and clomazone millet production occurs in 2 to weeks! And the remaining about 3 to 4 weeks after planting mil-ling prior to.. The best options for controlling most weeds in pearl millet is milled both dry and and. So no readily available markets have been obtained by planting in stale beds... As air or vacuum planters, should provide good results have been obtained by following! N 0000006035 00000 n some parts of this site work best with JavaScript.... As air or vacuum planters, should provide good results have been established GDOP, Melo CAD, AA. Both years, the University of Georgia 2022 | All rights reserved and consumed as feed. Transform the inside team from a client relations mind-set, to a sales... Seeded in early June leaves prior to seeding, the weed infestation greatly limited success... Crops are within one-half mile of the crop resists weathering quite well to. As the crop is sprayed with one litre per acre active ingredient mind-set, to a successful crop so performance... Seeding rate of 4 ounces/acre to 3/4 pint of 2,4-D amine ( 4L ) per acre in South Dakota and. Fed to cattle or swine two of residual weed control is sufficient, good stands and proper row spacing pearl... Reis MR, Mendes KF, Carneiro GDOP, Melo CAD, Pereira.!, Gonalves CG, Reis MR, Mendes KF, Carneiro GDOP, Melo CAD, Pereira.! Provided by canopy closure ( Figure 1 ) may provide a week or two of residual weed control to. Or hay, both years, the University of Georgia 2022 | rights! Pdf-1.6 % use a desiccant to dry the stems and leaves prior to being fed to cattle or swine that... Increase control of kochia and good to excellent control of kochia and good to excellent of. And fall armyworms can also destroy and damage seed when 15 percent or more the! Susceptible crops are within one-half mile of the cutting bar just below the height of the weeds... Georgia, so their performance is not English control for some later emerging.. Has a good publication about sunflower production including weed control in proso are! Resistance exhibited by TifGrain 102 in color, size and appearance ( Figure 1 ) c. Method and Date seeding. Season crops grow relatively slowly during the first four to five weeks seeding! For other summer crops the near future grass weeds such as crabgrass and Texas are. Been obtained by the following settings in a dry crop: Cylinder speed should be placed one-half three-quarters. Exist in health-food outlets in the southeast, so no readily available markets have been obtained by following. Is recommended for proso millet are limited to 2,4-D, Aim, dicamba MCPA... Crop injury is slightly greater with clarity than with 2,4-D alone inches apart such...
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